Diaguita quechua voice is the exonym imposed by the Incas and later divulged by the Spanish conquerors to a group of independent peoples who spoke a common language, the cacán. They were located in the current northwest of Argentina -especially in the Calchaquíes valleys- and in the Norte Chico de Chile. From 850 archeologically developed the culture of Santamaria that was characterized by its great wealth, its organized settlements, the use of metals and pottery. They opposed both the conquest of the Inca Empire -between 1471 and 1533, after the so-called third expansion of the Inca Empire- and that of the Spanish Empire-between 1560 and 1667, during the Calchaquí wars. Diaguitas from Argentina. This ancient Diaguita star is in Vinchina, La Rioja, northwest Argentina. Around 1480 the Diaguitas suffered the advance and conquest of the Inca Empire ruled by Tupac Yupanqui. From that moment, the Diaguitas were incorporated into the district or their southernmost empire called Collasuyo, forming in their former provinces provinces or Inca wamanis for better administration. The conquest by the Incas, which lasted for a century, meant a process of transculturation with the Inca civilization that incorporated part of their customs and ways of life. Under the Inca rule, the Diaguitas continued with what they used to do: they built roads, villages dedicated to agriculture and textiles, settlements such as warehouses or colcas and shelters or tambos, fortresses or pucaras but under the Inca domain these works were made in function to favor the Inca nucleus located in Cuzco (south of Peru) and also sanctuaries for the official Inca religion that were located in the mountain tops called by the Incas (apus) where they made human sacrifices. After conquering the Inca Empire, the Spanish conquerors created in their territories of South America the Viceroyalty of Peru, incorporating the Diaguitas into the territorial scope of this immense viceroyalty. The first Spanish military expedition that arrived to its territory was that of Diego de Almagro in 1536. In the List of things happened in Peru ... attributed by some to Cristóbal de Molina (nicknamed the almagrista or the Chilean) and by others to Bartolomé Segovia, it is mentioned how the Diaguitas confronted Almagro's troops: ... they left for the province of Chicoana, which is the Diaguitas, and as they had all the news of the things that the Spaniards were doing, they rose up in fact and did not they wanted to leave peace, before they did a lot of damage to him, so that if a Spaniard went off alone, they killed him; because it is very brave people of this province, and they killed many people of service. Most of the Diaguitas chose to resist the conquest of the Spanish crown, thus beginning the three Calchaquíes Wars, which lasted for a century from 1560 to 1667. As soon as the Spanish conquest began, 1561, they formed a large army in command Juan Calchaquí ally of the omaguaca chief Viltipoco managing to repel the invaders until Santiago del Estero. But in 1665 the conquerors, who had founded several cities as a siege (the foundation of the city of Jujuy closed such a siege to the north), managed to defeat them despite the fact that the Spanish found a last resistance in the Spanish born and turned into a caudillo. Diaguita (or titakin) Pedro Chamijo but this and his Diaguita warriors ended up being defeated and Pedro Chamijo (also surnamed Bohorques) was executed by garrote vil in Peru after being imprisoned by the Spaniards. To avoid further rebellions, the Spaniards - using a practice that the Incas had also used - divided and uprooted the Diaguitas. Thus, most of the members of the tribe of quilmes, were forced to walk more than 1200 km from Tucumán to Buenos Aires, more precisely to the town that today bears his name: Quilmes.